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Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions in the United States, yet many people live with symptoms for months or even years before seeking help. Because depression can affect thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and physical health, recognizing the signs of depression early is an important first step toward recovery.

A depression screening does not replace a professional diagnosis, but it can help individuals and caregivers determine whether symptoms warrant further evaluation. Understanding what to look for and when to seek help can make a meaningful difference in treatment outcomes.

Common Signs of Depression

Depression symptoms can vary widely from person to person, but several patterns are commonly reported. Signs of depression may include:

  • Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed
  • Changes in sleep, such as sleeping too much or too little
  • Fatigue or low energy that interferes with daily life
  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
  • Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or excessive self-criticism
  • Irritability or increased frustration
  • Changes in appetite or weight
  • Thoughts that life is not worth living or thoughts of self-harm

If these symptoms last more than two weeks or interfere with work, relationships, or daily functioning, it may be time to consider a depression screening.

What Is a Depression Screening?

A depression screening is a brief set of questions designed to identify symptoms associated with depression and other mood disorders. Screening tools can help individuals better understand how to tell if you have depression and whether professional evaluation may be helpful.

Screening questions explore emotional, behavioral, and functional changes, including mood, sleep patterns, impulsivity, energy level, and the impact symptoms have on daily life. While screening tools can offer helpful insight, only a licensed professional can provide an accurate diagnosis through a comprehensive assessment

Why Screening Matters

Depression is highly treatable, particularly when identified early. Screening can help distinguish depression from situational stress, identify co-occurring conditions, and reduce delays in care. Mood disorders often involve a complex interaction of genetic, medical, psychological, and psychosocial factors, making early evaluation especially important

Depression Screening for Adults 

Adults may notice gradual changes in motivation, mood, or functioning, while caregivers may observe withdrawal, irritability, or difficulty managing daily responsibilities. Screening can be helpful when symptoms persist, worsen, or begin to affect quality of life.

What Happens After a Positive Screening?

A positive screening result typically leads to a comprehensive evaluation by a multidisciplinary team. Thorough assessment is the foundation of care, allowing clinicians to accurately diagnose depression, bipolar disorder, and co-occurring conditions.

Treatment plans are individualized and may include psychotherapy such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), or Insight Oriented Therapy (IOT), medication management, integrative mental health approaches, and family therapy. For individuals with more severe or treatment-resistant symptoms, higher levels of care or neuromodulation therapies may be recommended. Learn more about adult depression treatment options.

Depression Screening FAQs

What are the early signs of depression?
Early signs of depression may include persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, sleep changes, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Symptoms often develop gradually and may worsen over time.

How do I know if I need a depression screening?
If symptoms last more than two weeks or interfere with daily functioning, work, or relationships, a depression screening can help determine whether professional evaluation is needed.

Can a depression screening diagnose depression?
No. A screening tool can identify symptoms and risk factors, but only a licensed mental health professional can diagnose depression through a comprehensive assessment.

What should I do if my screening results are concerning?
If screening results raise concern, seeking a professional evaluation is the next step. Early assessment can guide effective treatment and improve outcomes.

Finding Hope Through Expert Care

Depression can feel overwhelming, but effective treatment is available. Lindner Center of Hope offers a full continuum of evidence-based care for adults with depression and other mood disorders, grounded in research and clinical expertise.

If you or someone you care about is experiencing signs of depression, help is available.

Contact Lindner Center of HOPE to schedule an assessment or learn more.
 

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Major depressive disorder is a serious and often debilitating condition that affects millions of adults each year. While many people find relief through antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, others continue to struggle despite multiple treatment attempts. For individuals living with persistent symptoms, TMS therapy for depression offers a non-invasive, evidence-based option that may help restore function and quality of life.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is designed for adults with moderate to severe depression, particularly those who have not experienced sufficient improvement with traditional treatments. For patients and caregivers searching for next steps, understanding how TMS works and who it may help can provide a renewed sense of hope.

What Is TMS Therapy?

Transcranial magnetic stimulation depression treatment uses highly focused magnetic field pulses to stimulate nerve cells in areas of the brain believed to be linked to mood regulation. In people with depression, these areas may show decreased activity. TMS therapy works by gently activating those neural pathways to support healthier brain function over time.

At Lindner Center of Hope, TMS therapy is delivered using the NeuroStar® TMS Therapy System. Treatment is non-invasive, does not require anesthesia or sedation, and is performed on an outpatient basis. Patients remain awake and alert throughout each session and are able to return to normal daily activities immediately afterward

How TMS Therapy Treats Depression

Depression is increasingly understood as a disorder involving disrupted brain circuitry rather than simply a chemical imbalance. TMS therapy depression treatment targets this circuitry directly by stimulating specific regions of the prefrontal cortex associated with mood, motivation, and emotional regulation.

Treatment typically involves daily sessions, five days per week, over a period of seven to eight weeks, for a total of approximately 36 sessions. Each session lasts about 30 minutes. Many patients begin to notice changes in symptoms within the first several weeks, although response timing varies from person to person

Who May Be a Candidate for TMS Therapy?

TMS therapy is most often recommended for adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder who have not responded adequately to antidepressant medications or psychotherapy alone. It may be appropriate for individuals who:

  • Have tried multiple medications without sufficient symptom relief
  • Experience side effects that limit medication use
  • Continue to struggle with daily functioning due to depression

Caregivers may also explore TMS therapy as an option when supporting a loved one with long-standing or treatment-resistant depression. A psychiatric evaluation is required to determine whether TMS is an appropriate fit, including a review of medical history and prior treatments. Find more information about TMS therapy here.

TMS Therapy Is Approved for Adolescents

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is also used in depression treatment for adolescents. Certain TMS protocols have also been FDA-cleared for adolescents with major depressive disorder when specific clinical criteria are met.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared TMS therapy for adolescents ages 15 to 21 with major depressive disorder. The treatment protocol for adolescents closely mirrors adult TMS therapy, including session length, number of treatments, and overall safety considerations. As with adults, adolescents must complete a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation to determine whether TMS therapy is an appropriate option based on diagnosis, treatment history, and individual needs.

At Lindner Center of Hope, TMS therapy for adolescents is delivered within a specialized clinical framework that takes into account developmental factors, prior treatment response, and family involvement. For caregivers seeking options when depression has not improved with medication or psychotherapy alone, TMS therapy may be a treatment to discuss with a qualified mental health provider.

What Is the TMS Therapy Success Rate?

When researching tms therapy success rate, it is important to understand that outcomes are measured in terms of symptom improvement and functional recovery rather than a single definition of “cure.” Clinical experience and real-world studies show that many patients receiving TMS therapy experience meaningful improvement in depressive symptoms, with some achieving sustained relief.

Response varies based on individual factors such as symptom severity, treatment history, and overall health. Clinicians at Lindner Center of Hope use standardized assessment tools throughout treatment to monitor progress and guide care decisions

What to Expect During TMS Treatment

During each TMS session, a magnetic coil is positioned against the scalp, producing a tapping sensation and clicking sound. Ear protection is provided, and most patients tolerate treatment well. Common side effects are generally mild and may include temporary scalp discomfort or headache, particularly early in the treatment course.

Because TMS does not involve anesthesia or medication, patients can drive themselves to and from appointments and continue working or participating in daily routines throughout treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions About TMS Therapy for Depression

Is TMS therapy safe?

TMS therapy is FDA-cleared and well tolerated. It is non-invasive and does not require anesthesia or sedation.

How long does TMS therapy take?
Most treatment plans include daily sessions, five days per week, for seven to eight weeks. Each session lasts about 30 minutes.

Does TMS therapy cause memory loss?
 No. Clinical evaluation has shown that TMS therapy does not cause memory impairment, unlike some other depression treatments.

Is TMS therapy covered by insurance?
 Many insurance plans, including Medicare, cover TMS therapy for depression. Coverage varies, and financial coordination is typically part of the evaluation process.

How soon will results be noticeable?
 Some patients notice improvement within the first few weeks, while others may experience benefits later in the treatment course.

Take the Next Step Toward Relief

If you or someone you care for is living with depression that has not improved with traditional treatment, TMS therapy for depression may be an option worth considering. The experienced team at Lindner Center of Hope can help determine whether TMS is appropriate and guide you through the next steps.

Contact Lindner Center of Hope to learn more about TMS therapy and depression treatment options.

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Anxiety in children and teens is more common than many families realize. While occasional worry is a normal part of development, persistent or intense anxiety can interfere with a child’s ability to learn, socialize, and enjoy daily life. Early identification through mental health screening plays a critical role in recognizing concerns and connecting young people with appropriate support before symptoms escalate.

For parents and caregivers, understanding how anxiety presents in younger populations, and when screening may be helpful, can feel overwhelming. Knowing what to look for and where to turn is an important first step.

Understanding Anxiety in Children and Teens

Anxiety in children and teens can look different than it does in adults. Younger children may struggle to put their worries into words, while adolescents may hide symptoms or attribute them to stress, school pressure, or social challenges.

Common signs of anxiety in children and teens may include:

  • Frequent worry or fear that seems difficult to control
  • Avoidance of school, social activities, or new situations
  • Physical complaints such as headaches, stomachaches, or fatigue
  • Irritability, restlessness, or difficulty concentrating
  • Changes in sleep patterns or appetite

While these behaviors do not automatically indicate an anxiety disorder, patterns that persist or worsen over time may signal the need for further evaluation.

What Is Mental Health Screening?

A mental health screening is a brief, evidence-based way to identify whether a child or teen may be experiencing symptoms of anxiety that warrant further assessment. Screenings are not diagnostic tools, but they help flag potential concerns early.

In pediatric and adolescent populations, commonly used screening tools may include:

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7)
  • Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
  • Patient Health Questionnaire for Adolescents (PHQ-A)

These tools typically involve short questionnaires completed by the child, teen, parent, or caregiver, depending on age and setting.

Where Anxiety Screening Can Take Place

Screening for child anxiety and anxiety in teens can occur in a variety of settings, including:

  • Pediatrician or primary care offices
  • School counseling or school psychology programs
  • Community mental health clinics
  • Outpatient behavioral health practices
  • Specialty mental health centers

Schools and primary care providers often serve as the first point of concern, especially when anxiety begins to affect academic performance or attendance. In other cases, families may seek screening directly through a mental health provider.

Why Early Screening Matters

Early screening allows families to address concerns before anxiety becomes more disruptive. Untreated anxiety can increase the risk of academic difficulties, social withdrawal, depression, and challenges with emotional regulation as children grow older.

Screening helps:

  • Normalize conversations around mental health
  • Reduce stigma for children and teens
  • Identify symptoms early, when treatment is often most effective
  • Guide families toward appropriate next steps

When anxiety is identified early, intervention can be tailored to the child’s developmental stage, strengths, and specific needs.

What Happens After Screening?

If a screening suggests elevated anxiety symptoms, a more comprehensive evaluation may be recommended. This evaluation typically explores emotional, behavioral, academic, and family factors to better understand what the child or teen is experiencing.

From there, treatment options may include therapy, skills-based interventions, family support, or higher levels of care if needed. Learn more about specialized care for youth by exploring child and adolescent mental health treatment options at Lindner Center of Hope. Child & Adolescent Treatment Programs

Supporting Your Child or Teen

If you are concerned about anxiety in children and teens, trust your instincts. You know your child best. Screening can be a helpful starting point, offering clarity and guidance during what may feel like an uncertain time.

Talking openly with your child, partnering with professionals, and seeking evidence-based care can make a meaningful difference in long-term emotional health.

Finding Support at Lindner Center of Hope

The Lindner Center of Hope provides comprehensive mental health services for children, adolescents, and families navigating anxiety and related concerns. With a focus on individualized, compassionate care, Lindner offers a range of evidence-based treatment options designed to support young people at every stage of need.

If you have questions about anxiety screening, evaluation, or next steps for your child or teen, our team is here to help. Contact Us to Learn More

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By Jen Milau, APRN, PMHNP-BC
Lindner Center of HOPE,
Psychiatric Mental-Health Nurse Practitioner

There’s no denying it: the advent of social media has changed the way we connect with one another, especially as we learn more about the relationship between social media and mental health. In some ways, these programs have offered an opportunity to locate and reconnect with lost friends or family members – a phenomenon that was not even fathomable until recent decades. However, this near-immediate accessibility of information, coupled with the rapid growth of social media sources, has not been accompanied by a “user guide” or an algorithm for appropriate and healthy incorporation into our daily lives. Instead, technology has been thrust upon us as a society, and we have been left with the task of “figuring it out as we go.” In the field of psychiatry and mental health, we are seeing the repercussions of this in a number of unexpected ways, and those who have been hit the hardest are among our most vulnerable – children, adolescents, and young adults.

How Social Media and Mental Health Interact in Today’s Youth

As a clinician working primarily with this population, I have been struck by the stark and abrupt increase in suicidality and mental health concerns within the last five years. According to the Centers for Disease Control, in 2017, suicide stood as a leading cause of death for individuals aged 10-34, second only to accidental injury. Just this year, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) published data Continued from page 1 which cites that “more U.S. adolescents and young adults in the late 2010s (vs. the mid-2000s) experienced serious psychological distress, major depression, and suicidal thoughts, and more attempted suicide and took their own lives… These trends are weak or nonexistent among adults 26 years old and over, suggesting a generational shift in mood disorders and suicide-related outcomes rather than an overall increase across all ages.” The specific data presented within this report reflect a 40-122% increase (depending on specific age range) in suicidality and psychological/mood disturbances among individuals age 12-25. So the question stands: why have young people been so disproportionately affected? For more information on youth suicide trends, see the CDC’s data on adolescent mental health: cdc.gov/suicide/facts/index.html

Social Media Impact on Children and Adolescents

The answer to this is complex, and certainly not yet fully understood. It is important to first consider what we know: Adolescence is a period of significant neurochemical and biological transformation. With these physiological changes comes the development of a sense of identity – a process fueled by social interactions, sexual exploration, experimentation with interests, exposure to information, and individual expression. These facets of development have not changed by any means. Rather, the way in which today’s youth is exposed to these experiences has shifted from primarily organic, physical, human interactions to online exchanges through a variety of social media and communication apps available with a simple tap of a finger. Since this happens behind a screen, kids are not faced with the immediate implications of their words or actions, as they do not witness the non-verbal cues accompanying a person’s response, and do not experience the inevitable feeling of anxiety that goes along with confrontation or conflict in a real-time situation. They have the opportunity to carefully calculate their responses over time, or blatantly ignore a person with whom they do not want to interact, rather than being placed into a situation that requires problem-solving and relational abilities in the immediate moment. This has led to a generation of individuals who have largely avoided natural social responses; in turn, we are seeing a serious rise in the prevalence of social anxiety and kids who are devoid of many vital interpersonal skills.

The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health and Identity Formation

Additionally, within the world of social media, we are offered the opportunity to customize our “online identities” to mirror whichever characteristics we choose to share with others. Due to our human need for acceptance and attention, this usually results in the meticulous formation of an “ideal self” – one which typically is not reflective of our inherently flawed (and beautifully unique) personalities and instead represents a false utopian identity used to highlight those traits of ourselves and our lives that we feel may be most desirable to others. As this practice becomes typical of an entire society, we begin to unconsciously accept these “pseudo-selves” as reality.

These patterns often contribute to harmful social media effects on mental health, as young people compare their authentic lives to carefully curated online identities. This can result in significant issues with self-esteem, increased self-doubt, shame, body image concerns, and social isolation – problems which, for an individual predisposed to mental illness, could trigger a major mood episode or exacerbation of anxiety symptoms.

How Online Validation and “Likes” Influence the Brain

Further, the immediate accessibility of information to which we have become accustomed has unfortunately led to an expectation for instant feedback and gratification that is simply not applicable to most real-life scenarios. Studies suggest that the neurochemical response to “likes” on a post or picture actually mirror that which is experienced with illicit drug use or other behavioral addictions. This, then, leads to further desire to obtain more likes, and the consequent sense of disappointment and desperation when posts do not receive the attention that we were expecting.

Risks of Social Media for Vulnerable Children and Teens

When we view these ideas in the context of an adolescent who is developmentally tasked with the goal of exploring and forming a sense of self while also battling the physical and emotional implications of rapid growth and hormone changes, this becomes extraordinarily problematic. Many patients that I see describe feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness due to their perception that they are not as “successful” as others they see online.

For a child who has endured trauma, the ability to form harmful connections with ill-intentioned adults is too readily accessible, leading to exploitation and further exacerbation of trauma-related symptoms. Children with attention issues are experiencing insomnia due to being constantly stimulated by their devices into the nights, resulting in reduced academic performance and mood dysregulation. And most importantly – families are not connecting in the ways that are imperative for fostering well-adjusted and cognitively flexible young adults.

Promoting Healthy Internet Use and Safe Social Media Habits

This being said – there is certainly hope for change moving forward. As we adapt to the presence of technology within our lives, we are learning more and more about the importance of moderation in regards to screen time and devices. As a clinician, I preach to my patients and their parents about the risks of social media and unlimited time with technology and encourage open conversations regarding limits and expectations for its use. I challenge parents to model what it looks like to balance screen time and “real” time, and recommend the implementation of rules for all members of the family, not just children or adolescents. By increasing the number of organic experiences and social interactions that our children have, we are preparing them to be able to adjust to the unexpected, unpredictable twists and turns.

If you’re concerned about your child’s online activity or mental well-being, our clinicians can help. Contact us to learn more.

 

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By Anna I. Guerdjikova, PhD, LISW, CCRC

Director of Administrative Services, Harold C. Schott Foundation Eating Disorders Program

University of Cincinnati, Department of Psychiatry, Research Assistant Professor

The Connection Between Sleep and Mental Health

Sleep and mental health are deeply connected, yet many people underestimate how much quality sleep influences emotional well-being. We spend about one-third of our lives sleeping, but more than one-third of Americans do not get enough rest. Adults ages 18–60 are recommended to get seven to nine hours of sleep each night, while adolescents ages 13–17 need eight to ten hours for optimal wellness.

Getting adequate sleep is essential for maintaining both mental and physical health. Insufficient sleep is associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression, reduced libido, and even increased thoughts of suicide and death. Although the exact biological purpose of sleep is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in nerve cell communication and may help remove toxins that accumulate in the brain during waking hours.

What Is Sleep Hygiene and Why Does It Matter?

Insomnia is a sleep disorder that makes it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or return to sleep after waking too early. While insomnia affects an estimated 6–10 percent of the population, it remains underrecognized and undertreated. Understanding what sleep hygiene is can be an important first step in improving sleep quality and overall mental health.

According to clinical guidelines published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, psychological and behavioral interventions are recommended as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia when appropriate. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a structured, evidence-based, non-medication treatment that targets thoughts and behaviors that interfere with sleep. Many CBT-I techniques focus on improving sleep hygiene, which refers to daily habits and environmental factors that support healthy sleep.

(Clinical guidelines reference: http://www.aasmnet.org/Resources/ClinicalGuidelines/040515.pdf)

Sleep Hygiene Tips to Improve Sleep and Mental Health

Some basic sleep hygiene tips commonly used in CBT-I can be easily implemented by individuals struggling with poor sleep. These strategies promote consistency, relaxation, and a healthier relationship with sleep.

Yes to healthy sleep habits:

  • Yes to a fixed bedtime and wake time. Maintaining a consistent schedule throughout the week, with no more than a 30-minute variation (including weekends), helps retrain the body’s internal clock.
  • Yes to calming sleep rituals. Activities such as light stretching, breathing exercises, meditation, reading, or a warm bath help signal the body that it is time to rest. These routines are beneficial for both adults and children.
  • Yes to a sleep diary. Tracking sleep duration and quality can support realistic goal-setting and help monitor progress.
  • Yes to a comfortable sleep environment. Comfortable bedding, moderate temperature, minimal noise, and good ventilation all support restful sleep.

No to behaviors that interfere with sleep:

  • No to naps. Avoiding naps helps prevent perpetuating insomnia. If necessary, naps should be limited to 30 minutes and occur before 3 p.m.
  • No to caffeine late in the day. Avoid caffeine, including tea, soda, chocolate, and energy drinks, at least four to six hours before bedtime.
  • No to heavy, spicy, or sugary foods close to bedtime.
  • No to late-night exercise. While regular exercise improves sleep, it should occur at least three hours before bedtime.
  • No to clock-watching or electronics in the bedroom. Nighttime phone use has been linked to increased depression and lower self-esteem, especially in teenagers.

     

Technology and Tools That Support Sleep Hygiene

In addition to behavioral strategies, several smartphone applications can support sleep hygiene efforts. Apps that provide calming music, promote circadian rhythm regulation, teach meditation, track sleep, or deliver CBT-I–based support may be useful tools for managing insomnia when used appropriately.

When Sleep Problems Persist: Getting Professional Support

It can take up to one month for the body to respond naturally to behavioral changes associated with healthy sleep. Patience and consistency are essential during this adjustment period. Occasional restlessness is normal, but persistent sleep difficulties may require professional evaluation.

In addition to psychological interventions, several medications are approved for the treatment of insomnia. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management can significantly improve daily functioning, overall quality of life, and long-term mental health outcomes. Quality of life should not be postponed when sleep problems are affecting emotional well-being.

If sleep difficulties are interfering with your sleep and mental health, professional support may help. Contact us to learn more about evaluation and treatment options.

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For individuals living with severe mental illness, or for caregivers searching for effective treatment options, ECT therapy can feel overwhelming or misunderstood. Electroconvulsive therapy has long been surrounded by outdated myths, yet today it is one of the most researched and effective treatments available for certain psychiatric conditions, particularly treatment-resistant depression. At Lindner Center of Hope, ECT is delivered using modern technology, evidence-based protocols, and a compassionate, patient-centered approach.

What Is ECT Therapy?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment performed under general anesthesia in which a carefully controlled electrical stimulus is applied to the scalp to produce a brief therapeutic seizure in the brain. This process triggers changes in brain chemistry that can rapidly relieve symptoms of severe depression and other serious mental health disorders.

ECT therapy has been used for more than 60 years and remains the gold standard for individuals who have not responded to medications or psychotherapy alone. Importantly, brain imaging studies show that ECT does not cause structural damage or changes in the composition of the brain. The electrical dose used is small, precisely calibrated, and designed for safety

Who May Benefit From ECT Therapy?

ECT is most commonly recommended for adults experiencing:

  • Severe or treatment-resistant depression
  • Major depressive disorder with psychotic features
  • Bipolar disorder with severe depressive or manic episodes
  • Certain forms of schizophrenia
  • Acute suicidal ideation or life-threatening psychiatric symptoms

ECT may also be appropriate when medications are ineffective, poorly tolerated, or unsafe due to medical conditions, pregnancy, or advanced age.

ECT Therapy and Adolescents: What You Should Know

While ECT therapy is most commonly discussed in the context of adult depression and severe psychiatric illness, it is also recognized as a potential treatment option for older adolescents in specific circumstances. According to regulatory information on medical device approval, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared electroconvulsive therapy devices for use in patients age 13 years and older for treating a severe major depressive episode or catatonia associated with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder in those who are treatment-resistant or require rapid symptom relief. This FDA reclassification reflects evidence that, when carefully administered by trained professionals, ECT can be considered in select adolescent cases where other treatments have failed or the clinical situation is life-threatening. 

It is important to note that ECT in adolescents is typically reserved for serious, treatment-resistant conditions after thorough evaluation by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Clinical practice guidelines and expert reviews support that ECT may be considered in severe depression, catatonia, or psychotic presentations in older adolescents, always with informed consent from guardians and careful monitoring throughout the treatment course. 

How ECT Therapy Works

ECT therapy is administered as a course of treatments, typically two to three times per week. For electroconvulsive therapy for depression, most adults require 6 to 12 treatments, though the total number varies based on individual response.

During each session, the patient is placed under general anesthesia and given a muscle relaxant to prevent physical movement. EEG and cardiac monitoring are used throughout the procedure. A brief electrical stimulus produces a seizure lasting about one minute. Patients are monitored during recovery and usually return home within 30 to 60 minutes. ECT can begin in an inpatient setting and transition to outpatient care as symptoms improve.

Effectiveness of ECT for Depression

ECT therapy is widely recognized as one of the most effective treatments for severe depression, particularly when symptoms are urgent or life-threatening. Many patients experience improvement within the first few treatments, including reduced depressive symptoms, improved concentration, and relief from suicidal thoughts.

In some cases, main tenance ECT may be recommended to help sustain long-term stability when medications alone are no longer effective.

Frequently Asked Questions About ECT Therapy

Does ECT therapy change the structure of the brain?
No. Brain imaging studies show no structural or compositional changes to the brain following ECT therapy. The treatment works by temporarily altering brain chemistry, not by causing injury.

Is ECT therapy safe?
Yes. ECT has a strong safety record and is often considered safer than many psychiatric medications, especially for individuals with complex medical conditions. The procedure is performed under anesthesia with continuous medical monitoring.

What are the most common side effects of ECT therapy?
Common side effects include short-term confusion after treatment, headaches, muscle soreness, and fatigue. Some patients experience temporary memory difficulties, particularly around the time of treatment. These effects usually improve after ECT is completed, though experiences vary.

How many ECT treatments are needed?
ECT is given as a series of treatments. For depression, most patients receive between 6 and 12 sessions, though some may need fewer or additional treatments depending on symptom response.

Will I be awake during ECT therapy?
No. ECT is a painless procedure performed under general anesthesia. Patients are asleep and receive a muscle relaxant, so there is minimal physical movement during treatment.

Is ECT only used for depression?
While ECT for depression is common, electroconvulsive therapy may also be used for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, severe mania, and psychiatric conditions involving psychosis or suicidal risk.

Lindner Center of Hope for ECT Therapy

Lindner Center of HOPE is a regional leader in ECT treatment, offering care in the state-of-the-art Farmer Family Neuromodulation Center. Patients benefit from experienced specialists, seamless transitions between inpatient and outpatient care, and a comprehensive approach to adult mental health treatment. To explore additional adult treatment options, visit: lindnercenterofhope.org/adult-treatment.

Take the Next Step Toward Hope

For individuals and caregivers navigating severe depression or persistent mental illness, ECT therapy may provide meaningful relief when other treatments have failed. Lindner Center of Hope is committed to helping patients move toward stability, safety, and renewed quality of life. Contact Lindner Center of Hope to learn more about ECT therapy and determine whether it may be an appropriate option.

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Managing Anxiety and Stress During the Holiday Season: Practical Strategies for Emotional Well-Being

By Jennifer B. Wilcox-Berman, PsyD

 

 

 

For many people, the holiday season is a time of joy, connection, tradition, and celebration -a chance to gather with loved ones, make memories, share meals, exchange gifts, and enjoy holiday celebrations. But for others, this season also brings stress, anxiety, sadness, and loneliness. Expectations for “perfect” decorations, elaborate meals, memorable family gatherings, and financial generosity can create heavy pressure. Shorter daylight hours, colder weather, and life disruptions (travel, busy schedules) may add to the emotional burden.

It’s important to recognize these pressures and acknowledge that holiday stress is real — the “holiday blues” or even more serious mental-health struggles may emerge for people, even if they typically enjoy the holidays. Recent surveys show that holiday stress and mental-health strain remain widespread across the U.S. population: According to a 2025 poll by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), 41% of U.S. adults report that they expect more holiday-related stress this year than last year, up from 28% in 2024. Meanwhile, the same poll found 44% say the holidays have a positive impact on their mental health, but 21% say the holidays have a negative impact.

Why the Holidays Can Trigger Stress and Anxiety

  • Financial Pressure and Holiday Spending Stress

— the cost of gifts, decorations, travel, meals, and hosting events. Financial strain is frequently cited as a top cause of holiday stress.

  • Family Gatherings and Social Expectations

— hosting or attending large gatherings, meeting with extended family, managing social expectations, and navigating complex relationships or family dynamics.

  • Perfectionism and Unrealistic Holiday Expectations

— wanting everything to be “just right” (perfect decorations, memorable experiences, seamless planning), which increases anxiety and the likelihood of disappointment.

  • Busy Schedules, Travel, and Holiday Overwhelm

— balancing work, holiday preparations, social events, travel, hosting obligations, and everyday life responsibilities.

  • Loneliness, Grief, and the “Holiday Blues”

— particularly for those whose loved ones live far away, have passed on, or for anyone feeling isolated during a time when others seem more connected.

  • Seasonal Changes, Less Daylight, and Mood Shifts

— for some people, shorter days and colder weather may exacerbate seasonal sadness or depression, sometimes referred to as “holiday blues.”

Who Is Most Vulnerable to Holiday Stress and Anxiety?

  • People Experiencing Loss, Isolation, or Financial Hardship

Some people are particularly vulnerable during the holidays: individuals who live alone, recently lost loved ones, have limited social support, are experiencing financial hardship, or have preexisting mental-health conditions may be particularly vulnerable to additional struggles.

Because people’s experiences vary widely (age, income, family situation, mental-health history), coping strategies should be personalized. What works for one person (e.g., being social) might be challenging for another. Flexibility and self-awareness are key.

  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and the Holidays

For some, the holiday season may also trigger or worsen symptoms of a more persistent mood disorder, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Experts note that shorter daylight hours and weather changes can contribute to seasonal mood shifts or depressive feelings.

Effective Strategies for Managing Holiday Stress and Anxiety

  • Plan Ahead to Reduce Holiday Overwhelm:

Reducing last-minute stress by making a schedule or checklist for tasks (shopping, cooking, cleaning, travel, events) helps you avoid overwhelm. Planning can reduce anxiety and make obligations feel more manageable.

  • Set Realistic Expectations and Healthy Boundaries:

Accept that things may be imperfect. It’s okay if not every decoration or meal is flawless, or if not every gathering goes perfectly as planned. Setting boundaries — in time, energy, and finances — is key. It’s OK to decline events or set limits on socializing, spending, and commitments — especially if you start to feel overwhelmed.

Accept that not everything will go as planned. Flexibility can reduce disappointment and stress.

  • Prioritize Sleep, Nutrition, and Self-Care During the Holidays:

Make time for healthy habits even amid hectic holiday schedules-getting enough sleep, balanced meals, hydration, physical activity, and rest. These basics support emotional resilience.

  • Mindfulness, Alone Time, and Managing Sensory Overload:

A 2024 survey by American Institute of Stress found that 46% of Americans reported not getting enough alone time during the holidays — even though 56% said such time was crucial for their mental health. Taking short breaks, even a few minutes sitting quietly, meditating, or leaving your phone in another room, can help calm the nervous system and reduce stress.

  • Alcohol, Caffeine, and Mood During the Holidays:

Holiday indulgences and increased drinking can negatively affect sleep, mood, and energy — leading to greater stress or anxious feelings. Consuming these in moderation can help maintain balance.

  • Staying Connected Without Overcommitting:

Social support is important. Reach out to friends and family you trust. If you feel lonely or isolated, consider virtual calls or small, meaningful gatherings rather than large events.

  • Finding Meaning Through Gratitude, Hobbies, and Giving Back:

Doing things that bring you joy or purpose — hobbies, volunteering, helping others, donating gifts — can shift focus away from stress and toward meaningful connection. Many find that generosity or helping others enhances well-being.

  • Stay present and mindful:

Instead of getting caught up in the “perfect holiday” narrative, try to appreciate small, real moments. Practice gratitude — even simple daily reflections — which can help reduce stress. Some research suggests gratitude practices can help manage anxiety and mood during stressful periods.

  • Seek professional help when needed:

If sadness, anxiety, or depressive symptoms persist — beyond the end of the season or interfere with daily functioning — reach out for support from mental health professionals. Lindner Center of Hope offers several levels of care and services to provide help. 988 should be utilized if you or a loved one are in crisis or considering suicide.

Conclusion — Prioritizing Well-Being Over a “Perfect” Holiday

The holiday season can bring much joy — but it can also bring real stress, anxiety, and emotional burden. Recognizing this, and acknowledging that feelings of stress, sadness, loneliness, or overwhelm are common, is the first step toward compassionate self-care. By planning, setting boundaries, staying mindful, nurturing yourself, and reaching out for support when needed, you can help transform the holidays from a source of pressure to an opportunity for connection, meaning, and joy.

References

American Institute of Stress. Alone Time Helps Reduce Holiday Stress. December 5, 2024.

American Psychiatric Association. Americans are More Anxious than Last Year About the Upcoming Holidays; Health Care and the Economy Also Major Concerns for Many. November 18, 2025.

Caron Treatment Centers (via Harris Poll). Holidays Create Greater Mental Health Challenges. (Earlier survey.)

Johns Hopkins Medicine. ‘Tis the Season to Focus on Your Mental Health. December 5, 2022.

LifeStance Health. The 2025 Holiday Mental Health Report. 2025.

Sleepopolis. Holiday Stress Survey 2024. November 2024.

 

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When an adolescent struggles with severe depression or another mood disorder that does not improve with medication or psychotherapy, families and clinicians may consider electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as an option. Though often misunderstood, ECT is a safe, effective, and evidence-based procedure that has helped patients of all ages regain stability and quality of life when other treatments have failed.

What Is Electroconvulsive Therapy?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical procedure performed under general anesthesia. During the ECT procedure, a small amount of controlled electrical current is applied to the scalp to stimulate the brain. This brief stimulation produces a seizure that helps reset certain brain chemical pathways involved in mood regulation.

The procedure is painless and performed under the supervision of a trained psychiatric and medical team. Studies have shown that ECT does not cause structural or compositional changes to the brain, and the level of electricity used is too low to cause any injury.

For adolescents who have not responded to medication or therapy alone, ECT can bring rapid improvement, sometimes within weeks, helping restore hope and daily functioning.

When Is ECT Considered for Teens?

ECT may be recommended for adolescents who experience severe or treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions, including:

  • Major depressive disorder with suicidal thoughts or behaviors 
  • Bipolar disorder, especially with psychotic or catatonic features 
  • Schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia 
  • Severe mood episodes causing refusal to eat, catatonia, or profound withdrawal 

Because adolescents are still developing physically and emotionally, ECT is considered only after other evidence-based interventions have been tried and when the benefits outweigh potential risks.

At Lindner Center of Hope, ECT is administered only after a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation and family consultation to ensure that it is appropriate for the patient’s individual needs. Learn more about our ECT program.

How the ECT Procedure Works

Before treatment, the adolescent is placed under general anesthesia and given a muscle relaxant. Sensors are attached to monitor brain and heart activity. A brief electrical pulse is then delivered to the scalp to induce a controlled seizure lasting about one minute.

Patients awaken within minutes and are monitored by medical staff until fully alert—typically within 30 to 60 minutes. Treatments are usually given two to three times per week, and a full course may include 6 to 12 sessions, depending on individual response.

Safety and Effectiveness of ECT in Adolescents

ECT has been used safely in both adults and adolescents for decades. Research and clinical experience have shown that it can be a lifesaving treatment for youth experiencing severe mood or psychotic disorders. Adolescents often show significant improvement in mood, concentration, appetite, and sleep after completing treatment.

While every medical procedure carries some risk, ECT has one of the strongest safety records in psychiatry. The overall risk of death or serious medical complication is lower than that of many psychiatric medications.

Possible Side Effects

Electroconvulsive therapy side effects are typically mild and short-term. The most common include:

  • Temporary confusion upon awakening 
  • Headache or mild muscle soreness 
  • Nausea 
  • Short-term memory difficulties surrounding the time of treatment 

In most cases, these effects resolve within hours or days. Some patients may experience gaps in memory from the weeks around treatment, but this generally improves over time.

What to Expect After Treatment

Many adolescents experience a marked improvement in depressive symptoms following ECT. Some may transition to maintenance therapy, either ongoing ECT sessions at wider intervals or continued medication and psychotherapy to help sustain recovery.

Compassionate, Expert Care

The ECT program at Lindner Center of Hope is led by experienced clinicians using state-of-the-art technology in a compassionate and supportive environment. Families are guided through every step, from initial consultation to post-treatment care, with a focus on safety, comfort, and restoring wellness.

Contact Us

If your adolescent is struggling with a severe mood disorder and other treatments have not been successful, electroconvulsive therapy may offer hope and healing.

Contact us to learn more about the ECT program at Lindner Center of HOPE or to schedule a consultation.

 

Content reviewed by:

Nelson Rodriguez, MD, DABPN, FAPA, Lead Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope, Rapid Access Service (RAS), Medical Director, Neuromodulation (ECT, TMS, VNS) Service

Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati- College of Medicine

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Anxiety in children and anxiety in teens are among the most common mental health concerns parents and caregivers encounter today. While worry is a normal part of growing up, persistent or intense fear that interferes with daily life can signal something more. Understanding the signs of anxiety in children, knowing what types of disorders typically emerge in youth, and recognizing when to seek support can empower families to intervene early and effectively.

Why Anxiety Looks Different in Kids and Teens

Anxiety in kids and adolescents often presents differently than in adults. Younger children may struggle to express what they’re feeling and instead show distress through physical symptoms or behaviors. Teens may withdraw socially, attempt to conceal or internalize symptoms or as expectations and pressures increase.

Many parents wonder whether what they’re seeing is typical development or a sign of something deeper. When anxiety becomes persistent, leads to physical complaints, or disrupts school, friendships, or family life, it’s important to take a closer look and consider professional evaluation.

Common Anxiety Disorders in Children and Teens

Drawing from clinical expertise, several anxiety disorders commonly appear in youth. Understanding these patterns can help parents recognize when anxiety requires more specialized care.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

For many children, separation from caregivers is a normal developmental phase beginning around 6–7 months and peaking around 18 months. However, Separation Anxiety Disorder occurs when this fear persists into childhood or early adolescence and becomes developmentally inappropriate.

Youth may:

  • Refuse or resist going to school or activities due to fear of being apart from a caregiver
  • Report headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting
  • Avoid situations that require time away from caregivers
  • Struggle academically or socially because of persistent avoidance

These symptoms can significantly compromise social development and independence if left unaddressed.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by excessive worry that is difficult to control and affects functioning. While children naturally experience fears or scary dreams, GAD involves numerous, persistent worries not confined to a single situation.

Common themes include:

  • Concerns about future events
  • Fear of disappointing others
  • Worry about peer acceptance or competency
  • Being overly conscientious (“worry warts”)

Physical symptoms may include restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, or difficulty concentrating. GAD becomes more common with age and affects daily functioning at home and school.

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are intense episodes of fear that peak rapidly along with physical symptoms. In adolescents, these episodes often include:

  • Trembling
  • Dizziness or faintness
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Nausea
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating

Panic Disorder may occur with or without Agoraphobia, which is fear of being in places where escape or help might be difficult. This can lead to school avoidance and withdrawal from activities out of concern that another episode will occur.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder involves an intense fear of social situations where a child or teen may feel scrutinized or embarrassed. Common triggers include:

  • Speaking in class or in public
  • Attending social gatherings
  • Interacting with authority figures
  • Meeting new people

Exposure to these situations often triggers significant distress and physical symptoms that can resemble panic. Social anxiety can cause teens to avoid classes requiring presentations, drop out of activities, or retreat from peers. If untreated, it may increase risk for academic challenges and interpersonal struggles .

Recognizing the Signs of Anxiety in Children and Teens

Parents and caregivers may notice:

  • Frequent physical complaints without medical cause
  • Avoidance of school or social events
  • Trouble sleeping or persistent fatigue
  • Excessive reassurance-seeking
  • Irritability or emotional outbursts
  • Declining grades or loss of interest in activities
  • Difficulty concentrating

When these symptoms last over time and interfere with routines, it’s important to explore specialized anxiety treatment for children and adolescents.

Effective Treatment for Anxiety in Kids and Teens

Early intervention is key. Evidence-based anxiety treatment often includes:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help children reframe anxious thoughts
  • Exposure-based interventions that build confidence gradually
  • Family involvement, giving caregivers tools to support progress at home
  • Medication, when appropriate, under the guidance of a mental health professional

When to Seek Professional Help

If your child or teen’s anxiety is persistent, impacts daily life, or causes distress for the family, it may be time to consult a mental health specialist. Professional guidance can help determine whether symptoms reflect typical stress or a diagnosable anxiety disorder.

 

Content reviewed by:

Tracy Cummings, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Chief of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical Director for the Adolescent Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Programs

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For many adolescents, depression can feel like a heavy weight that just won’t lift. While therapy and medication often provide relief, some teens continue to struggle with lingering symptoms that affect their mood, motivation, and overall well-being. When traditional treatments don’t bring improvement, TMS therapy for depression may offer new hope.
At Lindner Center of Hope, families can access this innovative, evidence-based treatment in a safe and supportive environment led by nationally recognized experts in mental health care.

What is TMS Therapy?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive treatment that uses magnetic fields to gently stimulate specific areas of the brain involved in mood regulation. The therapy helps “wake up” underactive nerve cells that are often linked to depression.
Unlike ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), TMS therapy doesn’t require anesthesia, and patients remain awake, alert, and comfortable throughout each session. Treatments are typically conducted five days a week for seven weeks, with each session lasting under 30 minutes. Many patients continue with their normal daily activities immediately before and after treatment.

How TMS Therapy for Depression Works

During treatment at LCOH, a specialized device called the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System delivers precise magnetic pulses to targeted areas of the brain. These pulses help improve communication between brain regions responsible for mood and emotion regulation.

The therapy is prescribed and monitored by a psychiatrist and administered by trained TMS technicians in the Farmer Family Neuromodulation Center at Lindner Center of Hope. Each patient’s treatment plan is individualized, ensuring comfort and consistency across the full course of care.

A real-world study reported an 83% response rate among patients completing their NeuroStar treatment cycle, meaning most saw measurable improvement in their depression symptoms. In the same study, 62% achieved remission, showing no longer meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder after treatment. These outcomes highlight the effectiveness of TMS therapy for depression when traditional methods have not been enough.

Is TMS Therapy Safe for Teens?

For adolescents ages 15 and above, transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression follows the same well-established clinical protocol used for adults. The treatment is FDA-cleared, and at Lindner Center of Hope, it is administered by clinicians certified in TMS therapy.

Parents often ask about TMS therapy side effects, which are generally mild and temporary. Some patients may experience slight discomfort at the treatment site on the scalp during the first few sessions, but this typically subsides. There is no sedation, no impact on alertness, and no recovery time required. Importantly, braces and retainers are not contraindications, meaning most adolescents with orthodontia are still eligible for treatment.

Before beginning therapy, teens undergo a thorough consultation and mapping session to ensure accuracy and safety. Ongoing assessments using validated clinical tools, such as the PHQ-9 and MADRS scales, help track progress and symptom improvement throughout treatment.

Why Families Choose Lindner Center of Hope

As a nationally recognized leader in mental health treatment and research, Lindner Center of HOPE offers advanced TMS therapy within a compassionate, supportive environment. The Center’s collaboration with leading academic institutions such as Johns Hopkins and the Mayo Clinic through the National Network of Depression Centers ensures that patients benefit from the latest research and best practices.

For adolescents and families, this means access to the best of both worlds including cutting-edge clinical care backed by scientific expertise, delivered in a setting designed to promote healing and hope.

Next Steps: Learn if TMS Therapy is Right for Your Teen

If your teen continues to experience symptoms of depression despite therapy or medication, TMS therapy for depression may offer a path forward.

To learn more about how TMS works or to schedule a consultation, visit the Lindner Center of Hope TMS Therapy page.

You can also explore our Assessment for TMS Therapy to determine if this innovative treatment could be the next step in your child’s journey toward recovery.

Contact us today to discuss your teen’s symptoms and see how our expert team can help restore balance, confidence, and hope.

 

Content reviewed by:

Tracy Cummings, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Chief of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical Director for the Adolescent Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Programs