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When an adolescent struggles with severe depression or another mood disorder that does not improve with medication or psychotherapy, families and clinicians may consider electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as an option. Though often misunderstood, ECT is a safe, effective, and evidence-based procedure that has helped patients of all ages regain stability and quality of life when other treatments have failed.

What Is Electroconvulsive Therapy?

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical procedure performed under general anesthesia. During the ECT procedure, a small amount of controlled electrical current is applied to the scalp to stimulate the brain. This brief stimulation produces a seizure that helps reset certain brain chemical pathways involved in mood regulation.

The procedure is painless and performed under the supervision of a trained psychiatric and medical team. Studies have shown that ECT does not cause structural or compositional changes to the brain, and the level of electricity used is too low to cause any injury.

For adolescents who have not responded to medication or therapy alone, ECT can bring rapid improvement, sometimes within weeks, helping restore hope and daily functioning.

When Is ECT Considered for Teens?

ECT may be recommended for adolescents who experience severe or treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions, including:

  • Major depressive disorder with suicidal thoughts or behaviors 
  • Bipolar disorder, especially with psychotic or catatonic features 
  • Schizoaffective disorder or schizophrenia 
  • Severe mood episodes causing refusal to eat, catatonia, or profound withdrawal 

Because adolescents are still developing physically and emotionally, ECT is considered only after other evidence-based interventions have been tried and when the benefits outweigh potential risks.

At Lindner Center of Hope, ECT is administered only after a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation and family consultation to ensure that it is appropriate for the patient’s individual needs. Learn more about our ECT program.

How the ECT Procedure Works

Before treatment, the adolescent is placed under general anesthesia and given a muscle relaxant. Sensors are attached to monitor brain and heart activity. A brief electrical pulse is then delivered to the scalp to induce a controlled seizure lasting about one minute.

Patients awaken within minutes and are monitored by medical staff until fully alert—typically within 30 to 60 minutes. Treatments are usually given two to three times per week, and a full course may include 6 to 12 sessions, depending on individual response.

Safety and Effectiveness of ECT in Adolescents

ECT has been used safely in both adults and adolescents for decades. Research and clinical experience have shown that it can be a lifesaving treatment for youth experiencing severe mood or psychotic disorders. Adolescents often show significant improvement in mood, concentration, appetite, and sleep after completing treatment.

While every medical procedure carries some risk, ECT has one of the strongest safety records in psychiatry. The overall risk of death or serious medical complication is lower than that of many psychiatric medications.

Possible Side Effects

Electroconvulsive therapy side effects are typically mild and short-term. The most common include:

  • Temporary confusion upon awakening 
  • Headache or mild muscle soreness 
  • Nausea 
  • Short-term memory difficulties surrounding the time of treatment 

In most cases, these effects resolve within hours or days. Some patients may experience gaps in memory from the weeks around treatment, but this generally improves over time.

What to Expect After Treatment

Many adolescents experience a marked improvement in depressive symptoms following ECT. Some may transition to maintenance therapy, either ongoing ECT sessions at wider intervals or continued medication and psychotherapy to help sustain recovery.

Compassionate, Expert Care

The ECT program at Lindner Center of Hope is led by experienced clinicians using state-of-the-art technology in a compassionate and supportive environment. Families are guided through every step, from initial consultation to post-treatment care, with a focus on safety, comfort, and restoring wellness.

Contact Us

If your adolescent is struggling with a severe mood disorder and other treatments have not been successful, electroconvulsive therapy may offer hope and healing.

Contact us to learn more about the ECT program at Lindner Center of HOPE or to schedule a consultation.

 

Content reviewed by:

Nelson Rodriguez, MD, DABPN, FAPA, Lead Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope, Rapid Access Service (RAS), Medical Director, Neuromodulation (ECT, TMS, VNS) Service

Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati- College of Medicine

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Anxiety in children and anxiety in teens are among the most common mental health concerns parents and caregivers encounter today. While worry is a normal part of growing up, persistent or intense fear that interferes with daily life can signal something more. Understanding the signs of anxiety in children, knowing what types of disorders typically emerge in youth, and recognizing when to seek support can empower families to intervene early and effectively.

Why Anxiety Looks Different in Kids and Teens

Anxiety in kids and adolescents often presents differently than in adults. Younger children may struggle to express what they’re feeling and instead show distress through physical symptoms or behaviors. Teens may withdraw socially, attempt to conceal or internalize symptoms or as expectations and pressures increase.

Many parents wonder whether what they’re seeing is typical development or a sign of something deeper. When anxiety becomes persistent, leads to physical complaints, or disrupts school, friendships, or family life, it’s important to take a closer look and consider professional evaluation.

Common Anxiety Disorders in Children and Teens

Drawing from clinical expertise, several anxiety disorders commonly appear in youth. Understanding these patterns can help parents recognize when anxiety requires more specialized care.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

For many children, separation from caregivers is a normal developmental phase beginning around 6–7 months and peaking around 18 months. However, Separation Anxiety Disorder occurs when this fear persists into childhood or early adolescence and becomes developmentally inappropriate.

Youth may:

  • Refuse or resist going to school or activities due to fear of being apart from a caregiver
  • Report headaches, stomachaches, nausea, or vomiting
  • Avoid situations that require time away from caregivers
  • Struggle academically or socially because of persistent avoidance

These symptoms can significantly compromise social development and independence if left unaddressed.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by excessive worry that is difficult to control and affects functioning. While children naturally experience fears or scary dreams, GAD involves numerous, persistent worries not confined to a single situation.

Common themes include:

  • Concerns about future events
  • Fear of disappointing others
  • Worry about peer acceptance or competency
  • Being overly conscientious (“worry warts”)

Physical symptoms may include restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, or difficulty concentrating. GAD becomes more common with age and affects daily functioning at home and school.

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which are intense episodes of fear that peak rapidly along with physical symptoms. In adolescents, these episodes often include:

  • Trembling
  • Dizziness or faintness
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Nausea
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating

Panic Disorder may occur with or without Agoraphobia, which is fear of being in places where escape or help might be difficult. This can lead to school avoidance and withdrawal from activities out of concern that another episode will occur.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder involves an intense fear of social situations where a child or teen may feel scrutinized or embarrassed. Common triggers include:

  • Speaking in class or in public
  • Attending social gatherings
  • Interacting with authority figures
  • Meeting new people

Exposure to these situations often triggers significant distress and physical symptoms that can resemble panic. Social anxiety can cause teens to avoid classes requiring presentations, drop out of activities, or retreat from peers. If untreated, it may increase risk for academic challenges and interpersonal struggles .

Recognizing the Signs of Anxiety in Children and Teens

Parents and caregivers may notice:

  • Frequent physical complaints without medical cause
  • Avoidance of school or social events
  • Trouble sleeping or persistent fatigue
  • Excessive reassurance-seeking
  • Irritability or emotional outbursts
  • Declining grades or loss of interest in activities
  • Difficulty concentrating

When these symptoms last over time and interfere with routines, it’s important to explore specialized anxiety treatment for children and adolescents.

Effective Treatment for Anxiety in Kids and Teens

Early intervention is key. Evidence-based anxiety treatment often includes:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help children reframe anxious thoughts
  • Exposure-based interventions that build confidence gradually
  • Family involvement, giving caregivers tools to support progress at home
  • Medication, when appropriate, under the guidance of a mental health professional

When to Seek Professional Help

If your child or teen’s anxiety is persistent, impacts daily life, or causes distress for the family, it may be time to consult a mental health specialist. Professional guidance can help determine whether symptoms reflect typical stress or a diagnosable anxiety disorder.

 

Content reviewed by:

Tracy Cummings, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Chief of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical Director for the Adolescent Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Programs

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For many adolescents, depression can feel like a heavy weight that just won’t lift. While therapy and medication often provide relief, some teens continue to struggle with lingering symptoms that affect their mood, motivation, and overall well-being. When traditional treatments don’t bring improvement, TMS therapy for depression may offer new hope.
At Lindner Center of Hope, families can access this innovative, evidence-based treatment in a safe and supportive environment led by nationally recognized experts in mental health care.

What is TMS Therapy?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive treatment that uses magnetic fields to gently stimulate specific areas of the brain involved in mood regulation. The therapy helps “wake up” underactive nerve cells that are often linked to depression.
Unlike ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), TMS therapy doesn’t require anesthesia, and patients remain awake, alert, and comfortable throughout each session. Treatments are typically conducted five days a week for seven weeks, with each session lasting under 30 minutes. Many patients continue with their normal daily activities immediately before and after treatment.

How TMS Therapy for Depression Works

During treatment at LCOH, a specialized device called the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System delivers precise magnetic pulses to targeted areas of the brain. These pulses help improve communication between brain regions responsible for mood and emotion regulation.

The therapy is prescribed and monitored by a psychiatrist and administered by trained TMS technicians in the Farmer Family Neuromodulation Center at Lindner Center of Hope. Each patient’s treatment plan is individualized, ensuring comfort and consistency across the full course of care.

A real-world study reported an 83% response rate among patients completing their NeuroStar treatment cycle, meaning most saw measurable improvement in their depression symptoms. In the same study, 62% achieved remission, showing no longer meeting the criteria for major depressive disorder after treatment. These outcomes highlight the effectiveness of TMS therapy for depression when traditional methods have not been enough.

Is TMS Therapy Safe for Teens?

For adolescents ages 15 and above, transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression follows the same well-established clinical protocol used for adults. The treatment is FDA-cleared, and at Lindner Center of Hope, it is administered by clinicians certified in TMS therapy.

Parents often ask about TMS therapy side effects, which are generally mild and temporary. Some patients may experience slight discomfort at the treatment site on the scalp during the first few sessions, but this typically subsides. There is no sedation, no impact on alertness, and no recovery time required. Importantly, braces and retainers are not contraindications, meaning most adolescents with orthodontia are still eligible for treatment.

Before beginning therapy, teens undergo a thorough consultation and mapping session to ensure accuracy and safety. Ongoing assessments using validated clinical tools, such as the PHQ-9 and MADRS scales, help track progress and symptom improvement throughout treatment.

Why Families Choose Lindner Center of Hope

As a nationally recognized leader in mental health treatment and research, Lindner Center of HOPE offers advanced TMS therapy within a compassionate, supportive environment. The Center’s collaboration with leading academic institutions such as Johns Hopkins and the Mayo Clinic through the National Network of Depression Centers ensures that patients benefit from the latest research and best practices.

For adolescents and families, this means access to the best of both worlds including cutting-edge clinical care backed by scientific expertise, delivered in a setting designed to promote healing and hope.

Next Steps: Learn if TMS Therapy is Right for Your Teen

If your teen continues to experience symptoms of depression despite therapy or medication, TMS therapy for depression may offer a path forward.

To learn more about how TMS works or to schedule a consultation, visit the Lindner Center of Hope TMS Therapy page.

You can also explore our Assessment for TMS Therapy to determine if this innovative treatment could be the next step in your child’s journey toward recovery.

Contact us today to discuss your teen’s symptoms and see how our expert team can help restore balance, confidence, and hope.

 

Content reviewed by:

Tracy Cummings, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Chief of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical Director for the Adolescent Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Programs

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Understanding When Hospitalization May Be Needed

For many families, deciding whether a teen or young adult needs inpatient mental health care can feel overwhelming. Emotional changes, academic pressures, and social challenges are all normal parts of adolescence, but when symptoms escalate, become unsafe, or interfere with daily functioning, it may be time to consider a higher level of support.

Hospitalization offers structured, intensive treatment in a safe environment where young people can stabilize, receive expert care, and begin a focused path toward recovery. Knowing the signs can help caregivers and young adults recognize when a short-term inpatient stay may be beneficial. Read more about Lindner Center of Hope’s mental health services for teens.  (This link doesn’t open for me. Since we do not have an inpt unit, I’m not sure what it’s referencing.)

Symptoms That Require Immediate Professional Attention

Certain signs indicate that more urgent assessment with crisis management, or inpatient care, may be necessary. Caregivers and young adults should seek immediate help if they notice:

  • Suicidal thoughts or self-harm behaviors
  • Threats of harm to self or others
  • Incoherent or disorganized speech
  • Engagement in high risk behaviors
  • Severe withdrawal, refusal to eat, or inability to perform basic self-care
  • Hallucinations, delusions, or sudden breaks from reality

These symptoms often represent mental health crises that require rapid stabilization in a structured environment. An inpatient setting provides 24/7 clinical supervision and a multidisciplinary team capable of addressing acute safety concerns while beginning therapeutic interventions.

How Inpatient Mental Health Facilities for Teens Provide Stabilization

When symptoms reach a point where safety, daily functioning, or decision-making ability is compromised, mental health facilities for teens offer a safe, therapeutic environment designed for short-term stabilization.

Inpatient units should provide :

  • Daily psychiatric evaluation and monitoring
  • Medication management
  • Individual and group therapy
  • Supportive programming focused on coping skills, emotional regulation, and communication
  • A structured schedule to re-establish routines
  • Family education and involvement in treatment planning

These services are designed to give teens and young adults the immediate support they need while preparing them for the next phase of care, whether that’s outpatient therapy, partial hospitalization, or continued structured treatment.

When Young Adults May Need Inpatient Mental Health Care

While the signs often mirror those seen in younger teens, young adults may experience additional triggers that warrant a higher level of care. These can include:

  • Worsening depression or anxiety interfering with college or work
  • Significant changes in judgment or impulsivity
  • Substance use that leads to unsafe behavior
  • Difficulty managing daily living skills or responsibilities
  • Intense feelings of hopelessness or isolation

Young adult inpatient mental health treatment helps individuals regain stability, learn coping strategies suited to their life stage, and access targeted support that transitions smoothly back into independent or semi-independent living.

The Goal of Hospitalization: Stabilization and a Clear Path Forward

Inpatient care is typically brief and focused on immediate needs: ensuring safety, stabilizing the crisis, and developing a detailed follow-up plan. Families often find that hospitalization provides:

  • A reset during a time of escalating symptoms
  • Clarity on diagnoses and treatment needs
  • Access to specialized clinicians
  • Guidance for what comes next, including therapy, medication, or structured programs

For many young people, inpatient treatment becomes a turning point that helps restore hope and momentum.

Learn more about Lindner Center of HOPE’s inpatient program for ages 18+. Services for individuals under 18 can be found here.

Lindner Center of Hope: A Trusted Destination for Adolescent Mental Health Treatment

Lindner Center of Hope provides a continuum of care for teens and young adults, from outpatient services to partial hospitalization and inpatient programs. With an experienced clinical team, evidence-based treatment, and family-centered care, Lindner supports young people through some of their most difficult moments.

If you are unsure which level of care is appropriate, our clinical team can help you understand symptoms, evaluate risks, and determine the safest next steps. If you have questions or would like guidance about what your child may need, our admissions team is available to help. You can reach out anytime through our contact us page to begin the conversation.

 

Content reviewed by:

Tracy Cummings, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Chief of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Medical Director for the Adolescent Partial Hospitalization and Intensive Outpatient Programs

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By Peter White, M.A., LPCC, LICDC, Outpatient Therapist,
Lindner Center of Hope

Learn about the most effective depression treatments—therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes—and how personalized care supports lasting recovery.

Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions worldwide, affecting more than 280 million people. It can disrupt work, relationships, and overall health—but the good news is that it’s highly treatable. Both clinicians and patients benefit from understanding what really helps, how to tailor treatment to the individual, and what steps support lasting recovery.

In this article, we’ll look at the most effective approaches to treating depression, from therapy and medication to lifestyle changes and emerging options.

Understanding Depression
Depression is more than just feeling sad or discouraged. It often involves a persistent low mood, loss of pleasure or motivation, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Some people experience feelings of guilt, hopelessness, or even thoughts of self-harm.

Because depression is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, the best treatment plans look at the whole person—not just the symptoms. A comprehensive evaluation helps clinicians and patients decide on the right mix of approaches for each unique situation.

Medication and Medical Care
In some cases—especially with moderate to severe depression—medication can be an important part of recovery. Antidepressants can help regulate mood and energy levels, though it often takes several weeks to feel the full benefit. Finding the right medication and dose can take time, so open communication between clinician and patient is essential.

Combining medication with therapy often leads to the best outcomes, since each addresses different aspects of depression. The key is creating a treatment plan that feels manageable and aligns with a person’s preferences and needs.

Lifestyle Changes and Self-Care
Lifestyle choices play a powerful role in treating depression and supporting mental health. Regular physical activity, nutritious eating, and healthy sleep habits all contribute to better mood and energy. Even small changes—like daily walks, structured routines, or setting aside time for enjoyable activities—can make a real difference.

Staying socially connected also helps. Isolation can make depression worse, while supportive relationships encourage accountability, hope, and healing. These self-care strategies aren’t replacements for therapy or medication, but they strengthen recovery and reduce the risk of relapse.

When Standard Treatments Aren’t Enough
Sometimes, people don’t respond fully to the first line of treatment. In those cases, newer and more advanced options are available. These may include specialized brain-stimulation therapies or fast-acting medications used under medical supervision. While these approaches typically require expert care, they can offer new hope for those with treatment-resistant depression.

Personalized Care and Collaboration
No two people experience depression in exactly the same way. The most effective treatment plans are collaborative and personalized, considering each patient’s history, preferences, and life context. Regular follow-up and flexibility in adjusting treatment make a big difference.

Clinicians can help patients track progress, manage side effects, and develop strategies to prevent relapse. This ongoing partnership often determines whether improvements last over time.

Final Thoughts
Depression is a serious condition—but it’s also one of the most treatable. A thoughtful combination of therapy, medical care, and lifestyle changes can help most people recover and stay well.

For clinicians, the goal is to provide care that’s evidence-based yet human. For patients, it’s about finding support, sticking with treatment, and believing that recovery is possible. When science and compassion come together, hope and healing follow.

 

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Understanding Mental Illness Stigma

When it comes to mental illness stigma, there is an overriding tendency within human nature to fear what we don’t understand. Throughout history, this “fear of the unknown” has shaped public perception toward individuals who experience mental illness.

Assumptions and judgments are often formed about people with mental health issues without any understanding of the causes, symptoms, or treatment of a particular disorder. Moreover, many tend to believe that those who are mentally ill have a greater propensity toward violent behavior, which is an idea that research continues to disprove.

Dispelling Misconceptions About Mental Illness and Violence

However, this is simply not the case. Numerous studies have shown that those with mental disorders are no more likely than anyone else to commit violent acts. In fact, people with mental illness are more likely to be victims of violence rather than perpetrators. Understanding this reality is an essential step toward reducing stigma surrounding mental health and creating empathy for those who are struggling.

How Mental Illness Advocacy and Awareness Are Changing Perceptions

In the past, portrayals of people with mental illness in books, film, and television contributed significantly to negative attitudes toward mental disorders. Terms such as “mental illness,” “schizophrenia,” or “bipolar disorder” often carried stigma rooted in fear and misunderstanding.

In recent years, however, a greater effort has emerged to educate the public and promote mental illness advocacy. These positive developments include:

  • Mental health centers with educational programs that raise public awareness about the truths of mental disorders and address successful treatment approaches for OCD, ADHD, depression, and eating disorders.
     Learn more about our Outpatient Therapy and Education Programs. 
  • Organizations such as the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) working with media outlets to promote accurate information and awareness. 
  • TV shows and documentaries that highlight the lived experiences of individuals with bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other conditions. Explore our Treatment Programs for Mental Health Conditions. 
  • Celebrities and public figures who now speak openly about their mental health journeys, helping normalize conversations around treatment and recovery. 

Through increased exposure to facts and real-life stories, the stigma surrounding mental illness continues to soften, and empathy is replacing fear.

Breaking Down the Stigma: Positive Changes in Mental Health Awareness

By attaching names, faces, and personal experiences to mental health conditions, public understanding continues to grow. Education, advocacy, and compassion are helping individuals feel empowered to discuss their struggles and seek the help they need.

If you or a loved one are struggling with the effects of mental illness stigma, Lindner Center of Hope offers compassionate care, education, and support to guide you toward healing. Contact Us to learn more.

Reducing the impact of mental illness stigma requires ongoing advocacy and collective understanding, but progress is being made. As awareness continues to spread, more people can seek treatment and support without fear or shame.

 

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Understanding Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP) for Mental Health Recovery

What Is a Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP)?

High patient satisfaction ratings reflect strong outcomes from Lindner Center of Hope’s Partial Hospitalization ProgramA Partial Hospitalization Program, often called a PHP or Day Treatment Program, provides intensive mental health treatment without requiring a full hospital stay.
Patients typically attend structured therapy sessions during the day—around 30 hours per week—and return home in the evenings.
This level of care offers more support than outpatient therapy while allowing patients to maintain connection to home and family life.

At Lindner Center of Hope, the Mindful Transitions Adult PHP runs Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The Eating Disorders PHP operates from 7:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., including staff-supported meals and snacks.

Who Benefits from a PHP?

A Partial Hospitalization Program may be right for individuals who:

  • Need more structure and support than weekly therapy offers
  • Do not meet criteria for inpatient psychiatric hospitalization (such as active danger to self or others)
  • Are experiencing depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, trauma-related symptoms, or other emotional distress affecting daily life
  • Are transitioning from inpatient or residential treatment back to home

This option bridges the gap between inpatient care and outpatient therapy, helping participants stabilize symptoms, build coping skills, and practice recovery strategies in real life.

What to Expect in the Lindner Center of Hope PHP

A Structured Day for Healing

Participants attend group-based sessions focused on evidence-based therapies like Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and Radically Open DBT (RO-DBT).

They also participate in recreational therapy, music therapy, medication education, pet therapy, and spiritual care.

Supportive Schedule

  • Five daily classes (45–50 minutes each) for general PHP
  • Ten structured groups daily for the Eating Disorders PHP, including supported meals and community outings
  • Psychiatrist or nurse practitioner visits at least once weekly for general PHP and at least twice weekly for Eating Disorders PHP
  • Individual meetings with an eating disorder therapist twice weekly

Admission and Eligibility for PHP

To join the program, patients must:

  • Have or schedule an appointment with an outpatient prescriber (psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse practitioner, or primary care provider) within 10–14 days after discharge
  • Be medically and psychiatrically stable enough to participate safely
  • Be voluntary participants (not court-ordered)
  • Be able to understand and engage in group material
  • Not meet inpatient or exclusionary criteria (e.g., active substance withdrawal, cognitive impairment, or active psychosis)

Referrals can be made by an existing mental health provider, medical provider, or through a Lindner Center of Hope intake assessment by calling 513-536-4673.

What Will You Learn in PHP?

Participants gain skills to manage mental health challenges, including:

  • Emotion regulation and distress tolerance
  • Mindfulness and interpersonal effectiveness
  • Healthy coping and relapse prevention
  • Understanding and managing medication and wellness habits

These tools help individuals stabilize symptoms, improve daily functioning, and build confidence for ongoing recovery.

What Happens After Completing PHP?

Upon successful completion, many patients transition to continued care such as:

  • Virtual Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) – 3 days per week, 9 a.m.–noon (available to Ohio residents)
  • Outpatient group therapy at Lindner Center of Hope (in-person and virtual options)
  • Resuming care with personal outpatient providers

The PHP team helps coordinate next steps to ensure continuity of care and long-term support.

Experts facilitate a structured day treatment session for adults in a Partial Hospitalization Program.How Effective Is PHP Treatment?

The Lindner Center of Hope Adult PHP consistently receives patient satisfaction scores between 4.5 and 5 out of 5, reflecting its strong outcomes, supportive environment, and expert care team.

Common Questions About PHP

Q: How is PHP different from inpatient treatment?
A: Inpatient programs require 24-hour care; PHPs allow patients to go home daily while still receiving intensive treatment.

Q: How long do people stay in PHP?
A: Lindner Center of Hope general PHP lasts 10 – 15 days.  Eating Disorder PHP can last for 4 – 6 weeks or more, depending on individual needs and progress.

Q: Does insurance cover PHP?
A: Many insurance plans include partial hospitalization coverage—our staff can help verify benefits.

 

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Depression is a common but serious medical condition that affects how a person thinks, feels, and functions in daily life. While the condition can be complex, the good news is that effective, research-based treatments for depression are available. At Lindner Center of Hope, care is guided by leading experts in psychiatry and psychology who have helped advance the understanding and treatment of depressive disorders through decades of research and clinical practice.

Every patient’s experience with depression is unique. The most successful approach begins with a comprehensive assessment and leads to a personalized treatment plan that may include therapy, medication, integrative care, and structured support programs.

Psychotherapy Approaches

Therapy is a cornerstone of depression treatment and helps patients understand the underlying thoughts and behaviors that contribute to symptoms. Several evidence-based therapies are offered at Lindner Center of Hope:

  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps patients identify and reframe negative thought patterns, replacing them with more balanced and productive ways of thinking.
  • Insight Oriented Therapy (IOT): Focuses on improving self-awareness and recognizing how past experiences influence current emotions and behaviors. This understanding can help reduce depressive symptoms and improve relationships.
  • Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Builds emotional regulation, mindfulness, and distress-tolerance skills. Lindner Center of Hope offers some of the most comprehensive DBT programming in the region, supporting long-term wellness and stability.

These therapies can be used individually or in combination, depending on each patient’s goals and progress.

Medication Management

For many individuals, medication plays an important role in treating depression. Medications are managed by a psychiatrist or a psychiatric nurse practitioner.

The goal of medication management is not only symptom relief but also improved daily functioning and overall quality of life. Treatment plans are carefully monitored to ensure medications are effective and well-tolerated

Integrative Mental Health

Depression can also be influenced by biological and lifestyle factors such as nutrition, inflammation, and hormonal or metabolic imbalances. Services may include micronutrient, thyroid, or metabolic testing, as well as genetic screening for the MTHFR mutation, which can affect mood and energy regulation. Recommendations for diet, exercise, and lifestyle adjustments are incorporated into the treatment plan to support overall recovery.

Levels of Care and Advanced Treatment

Because the severity of depression varies, treatment at Lindner Center of Hope includes multiple levels of care to meet each patient’s needs:

  • Outpatient Clinic: Flexible appointments for individual therapy and medication management.
  • Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP): Intensive day treatment that provides structure and skill-building without requiring an overnight stay.
  • Inpatient Treatment: Short-term stabilization in a safe, therapeutic environment.
  • Residential Programs: Comprehensive assessment and extended treatment for individuals needing more intensive care.
  • Neuromodulation Therapies: For treatment-resistant depression, options include Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), both of which are proven to relieve symptoms when other treatments have not been successful.

Comprehensive Care at Lindner Center of Hope

Treating depression requires expertise, collaboration, and ongoing support. At Lindner Center of Hope, patients receive individualized care from a multidisciplinary team dedicated to helping them achieve lasting recovery.

If you suspect that you or someone you know  is struggling with depression, the Lindner Center of Hope offers expert diagnosis and treatment options. Read more about the treatments for depression or contact us today to learn more about how we can help.

 

Content reviewed by:

Nik Raju, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

nik raju

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Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions, affecting millions of people each year. While sadness and low energy are normal reactions to life’s challenges, depression is different. It lasts longer, feels heavier, and interferes with daily life. Understanding the symptoms of depression can help individuals and families recognize when professional support may be needed.

At Lindner Center of Hope, clinicians and researchers are dedicated to improving outcomes for those experiencing depression through accurate diagnosis and comprehensive treatment.

Common Depression Symptoms

According to mental health experts, a depressive episode involves a combination of symptoms that last at least two weeks and represent a noticeable change from a person’s usual functioning. At least one of these symptoms is typically either persistent sadness or loss of interest in usual activities.

Emotional and Cognitive Changes

Depression often affects how a person feels and thinks. Symptoms may include:

  • Persistent sadness, emptiness, or tearfulness
  • Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies, social activities, or work
  • Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or hopelessness
  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
  • Thoughts of death or suicide

Physical and Behavioral Changes

Depression can also cause physical symptoms that affect energy and routine:

  • Fatigue or low energy nearly every day
  • Significant changes in appetite or weight
  • Sleeping too much or too little
  • Restlessness or slowed movement
  • Decline in performance at work, school, or home

When several of these depression symptoms occur together and persist, it may indicate a major depressive episode.

Remembering the Signs

A helpful way to remember the core signs of depression is through the acronym SIGECAPS:

  • S: Sleep – increased sleep disturbances or sleeping more than usual
  • I: Interest – loss of interest in activities that were previously enjoyed
  • G: Guilt – increased feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or self blame
  • E: Energy – decreased energy level
  • C: Concentration – difficulty concentrating or making decisions
  • A: Appetite – lower or increased appetite
  • P: Psychomotor – slowed movements or increased restlessness
  • S: Suicidal ideation – thoughts of death or suicide

If these patterns persist for two weeks or more, it may be time to seek professional evaluation.

Causes of Depression

There is no single cause of depression. Instead, it develops from a combination of factors, including:

  • Genetics: A family history of mood disorders can increase risk.
  • Biology: Changes in brain chemistry and hormones can affect mood regulation.
  • Medical conditions: Chronic illness, thyroid issues, or certain medications may contribute.
  • Life experiences: Stress, trauma, or major life changes can trigger or worsen symptoms.

Understanding these causes helps clinicians create individualized treatment plans that address both emotional and physical health.

Treatment and Support

Depression is treatable, and most people improve with a combination of therapy, medication, and lifestyle support. At Lindner Center of Hope, patients receive care tailored to their needs, including:

  • Outpatient therapy and psychiatric consultations
  • Medication management
  • Intensive programs for those needing more structured care
  • Advanced therapies such as neuromodulation (ECT and TMS) as well as novel medication options such as esketamine for treatment-resistant depression

These services help individuals manage symptoms, restore balance, and return to fulfilling daily lives.

If you suspect that you or someone you know  is struggling with the symptoms of depression, the Lindner Center of Hope offers expert diagnosis and treatment options. Read more about the signs of depression or contact us today to learn more about how we can help.

 

Content reviewed by:

Nik Raju, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

nik raju

 

 

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Many people who experience depression find themselves asking the same question: What causes depression? While researchers continue to study the condition, most agree that depression results from a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental influences rather than a single cause. Furthermore, what we now identify as depression likely encompasses a variety of distinct conditions with similar symptoms.

Genetic Factors

Family history can play an important role in depression. Individuals with an immediate family member, such as a parent or sibling, who has experienced a mood disorder may have an increased risk of developing depression themselves.

Twin studies and genetic research have identified biologic and neurochemical variations in several genes that influence how the brain regulates mood, sleep, and stress responses. However, genetics alone does not determine whether someone will develop depression. Instead, genetics  may increase vulnerability when combined with environmental or psychological stressors.

Medical Factors

Certain medical conditions and medications can contribute to depression. Chronic illnesses, hormonal imbalances, neurological disorders, pain conditions, or the side effects of specific medications may affect brain chemistry and emotional regulation.

When evaluating depression, medical providers consider these contributing factors carefully to ensure that both physical and psychological causes are addressed. Treating underlying health issues or adjusting medications can be an important part of improving mood and energy levels.

Psychological and Environmental Factors

Depression often develops through the interaction of life experiences, thought patterns, and stress. Emotional trauma, major life changes, or ongoing stress can all play a role. Early childhood experiences, such as loss, neglect, or difficulties with attachment, can also influence emotional development and coping mechanisms later in life.

In addition, negative thought patterns or self-critical thinking may reinforce depressive symptoms. Over time, these patterns can affect how individuals interpret events, manage stress, and respond to challenges. Recognizing and addressing these psychological factors through therapy can significantly reduce symptoms and improve overall functioning.

Recognizing Symptoms of Depression

Understanding the causes of depression also involves knowing its symptoms. Common depression symptoms may include:

  • Persistent sadness or emptiness
  • Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
  • Changes in sleep or appetite
  • Fatigue or low energy
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
  • Physical complaints with no clear medical cause
  • Thoughts of self-harm or hopelessness

When several of these symptoms persist for two weeks or longer, it is important to seek professional help.

Treatment and Support at Lindner Center of Hope

While the causes of depression are complex, effective and evidence-based treatments are available. At Lindner Center of Hope, patients receive comprehensive evaluation and individualized care plans designed to address both the biological and emotional aspects of depression.

Treatment options may include:

  • Psychotherapy such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) or Insight Oriented Therapy (IOT)
  • Medication management by experienced psychiatrists or psychiatric nurse practitioners
  • Integrative approaches that consider lifestyle, nutrition, and overall health
  • Specialized programs for different levels of care, including outpatient, partial hospitalization, and inpatient treatment

With the right diagnosis and personalized treatment plan, recovery from depression is possible.

If you suspect that you or someone you know is struggling with depression, the Lindner Center of Hope offers expert diagnosis and treatment options. Read more about the causes of depression or contact us today to learn more about how we can help.

 

Content reviewed by:

Nik Raju, MD, Staff Psychiatrist at Lindner Center of Hope

Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

 

nik raju